Tariff number 2710190000 80 - Other

See notes 2 and 3 to this chapter and the relevant explanatory notes.

This subheading covers kerosene type jet fuel. This jet fuel complies with the provisions of additional note 2(c) to this chapter. The gas chromatographic profile of kerosene-type jet fuel, for instance the most commonly used jet fuel A-1, is characteristic of an oil obtained by the distillation of a crude oil and also by other petrochemical processes. The chain length of the alkanes varies between about 10 and 18 carbon atoms. The aromatic content may be up to 25 % by volume. Its flash point is generally above 38 °C according to the ISO 13736 method. The freezing point is usually not above –40 °C. Jet fuel may contain the following additives: antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, icing inhibitors, tracer dyes. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF JET FUEL TYPE A-1 (KEROSENE) SimDis ASTM D 2887 extended (equivalent to the ISO 3924 method)

This subheading covers kerosene other than jet fuel. The kerosene of this subheading complies with the provisions of additional note 2(c) to this chapter. The gas chromatographic profile of ‘other’ kerosene is characteristic of an oil obtained by the distillation of a crude oil. This subheading also includes: — oils used in lamps, with a low aromatic and olefin content to prevent the formation of soot during combustion; — oils with a narrow range of distillation, with a gas chromatographic profile composed only by a fraction of the GC image below. In some cases chemical markers are present. This subheading excludes mixtures of kerosene with other mineral oils or organic solvents. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF KEROSENE OTHER THAN JET-FUEL SimDis ASTM D 2887 extended (equivalent to the ISO 3924 method)

This subheading covers medium oils other than kerosene of subheadings 2710 19 21 and 2710 19 25. The oils of this subheading comply with the provisions of additional note 2(c) to this chapter. Usually, products of this subheading are obtained by one or more chemical-physical processes which can significantly alter the chemical composition of those products so as to make them suitable for certain industrial uses. In certain cases, the modification of molecular composition of those products can be detected using GC or SimDis while for other kinds of products more accurate determinations are necessary (e.g. gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS)). An example of a SimDis profile of these oils is represented by n-paraffin as shown below. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF A N-PARAFFIN SimDis ASTM D 2887 extended (equivalent to the ISO 3924 method) Another example of products of this subheading are those obtained by a multistep process that includes: — extraction of linear paraffins; — hydrogenation of the de-paraffinated residue; — fractionation by distillation of the hydrogenated and de-paraffinated residue in products with shorter carbon cut. These products consist of saturated hydrocarbons, mainly branched and cyclic, with an aromatic content far less than 1 %. An example of a SimDis profile for this kind of products is shown below: ASTM D2887 extended (equivalent to the ISO 3924 Method) Boiling point (°C) The use of GC-MS technique may deliver a profile like that shown below as an example: x-axis: time (minutes) y-axis: relative abundance GC-MS total ion chromatogram (TIC) This profile has been obtained with the following experimental conditions: This profile shows the following distribution:

Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals (other than crude) and preparations not elsewhere specified or included, containing by weight 70 % or more of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous minerals, these oils being the basic constituents of the preparations, other than those containing biodiesel and other than waste oils For definitions of these products, see note 2 to this chapter and the HS Explanatory Note to heading 2710, (I). As regards the subheadings for products intended: — for undergoing a specific process, — for undergoing a chemical transformation, see additional notes 5 and 6 to this chapter and the relevant explanatory notes. I. Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals (other than crude) This group covers mixtures of isomers (other than stereoisomers) of saturated acyclic hydrocarbons containing less than 95 % of a particular isomer or of unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbons containing less than 90 % of a particular isomer, these percentages being calculated on the weight of the anhydrous product. This group also covers separate isomers of the above hydrocarbons having a purity of less than 95 % and 90 %, respectively, by weight. This group covers only petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals: 1. having a crystallising point, as measured by the ASTM D 938 method (equivalent to the ISO 2207 method), below 30 °C; or 2. having a crystallising point of 30 °C or higher and (a) a density of less than 0,942 g/cm3 at 70 °C by the EN ISO 12185 method, and a worked cone penetration, as measured by the ASTM D 217 method (equivalent to the ISO 2137 method), of at least 350 at 25 °C; or (b) a minimum density of 0,942 g/cm3 at 70 °C by the EN ISO 12185 method, and a needle penetration, as measured by the EN 1426 method, of at least 400 at 25 °C. For the purposes of paragraph (I) above, petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals are also to be taken to include such oils to which very small quantities of various substances have been added, for example, as additives to improve quality or odour, tracers, colouring agents. See also the diagram below:

Medium oils See additional note 2(c) to this chapter. Kerosene is used for a wide range of different purposes, for example as fuel for airplanes engines or for heating. Kerosene is a medium oil with a distillation range according to the EN ISO 3405 method (equivalent to the ASTM D 86 method) approximately between 130 °C to 320 °C. The images attached to this explanatory note are merely indicative of chromatograms of one category of products classifiable in each of the three subheadings concerned.

Gas oils See additional note 2(e) to this chapter.

Heavy oils See additional note 2(d) to this chapter.

Fuel oils See additional note 2(f) to this chapter and the diagram below for the characteristics of fuel oils:

Lubricating oils; other oils These subheadings cover heavy oils as defined in additional note 2(d) to this chapter, provided that these oils do not fulfil the conditions set out in additional note 2(e) (gas oils) or 2(f) (fuel oils) to this chapter. These subheadings cover heavy oils of which less than 85 % by volume, including losses, distils at 350 °C by the EN ISO 3405 method (equivalent to the ASTM D 86 method): 1. which, for a corresponding diluted colour C, have a viscosity V: (a) not exceeding that shown in line I of the concordance table set out in additional note 2(f) to this chapter, when the sulphated ash content is 1 % or more, or when the saponification index is 4 or more; or (b) exceeding that shown in line II of that concordance table when the pour point is lower than 10 °C; or (c) exceeding that shown in line I but not exceeding that shown in line II when less than 25 % distils at 300 °C, when the pour point is not higher than minus 10 °C. These provisions apply only to oils having a diluted colour C of less than 2; 2. for which the following cannot be determined: (a) the distillation percentage at 250 °C by the EN ISO 3405 method (equivalent to the ASTM D 86 method) (zero being deemed to be a percentage); or (b) the kinematic viscosity at 50 °C by the EN ISO 3104 method; or (c) the diluted colour C by the ISO 2049 method (equivalent to the ASTM D 1500 method); 3. which are artificially coloured.

Notes 1. This chapter does not cover: (a) separate chemically defined organic compounds, other than pure methane and propane which are to be classified in heading 2711; (b) medicaments of heading 3003 or 3004; or (c) mixed unsaturated hydrocarbons of heading 3301, 3302 or 3805. 2. References in heading 2710 to ‘petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals’ include not only petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals but also similar oils, as well as those consisting mainly of mixed unsaturated hydrocarbons, obtained by any process, provided that the weight of the non-aromatic constituents exceeds that of the aromatic constituents. However, the references do not include liquid synthetic polyolefins of which less than 60 % by volume distils at 300 °C, after conversion to 1 013 mbar when a reduced-pressure distillation method is used (Chapter 39). 3. For the purposes of heading 2710, ‘waste oils’ means waste containing mainly petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals (as described in note 2 to this chapter), whether or not mixed with water. These include: (a) such oils no longer fit for use as primary products (for example, used lubricating oils, used hydraulic oils and used transformer oils); (b) sludge oils from the storage tanks of petroleum oils, mainly containing such oils and a high concentration of additives (for example, chemicals) used in the manufacture of the primary products; and (c) such oils in the form of emulsions in water or mixtures with water, such as those resulting from oil spills, storage tank washings, or from the use of cutting oils for machining operations. Subheading notes 1. For the purposes of subheading 2701 11, ‘anthracite’ means coal having a volatile matter limit (on a dry, mineral-matter-free basis) not exceeding 14 %. 2. For the purposes of subheading 2701 12, ‘bituminous coal’ means coal having a volatile matter limit (on a dry, mineral-matter-free basis) exceeding 14 % and a calorific value limit (on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis) equal to or greater than 5 833 kcal/kg. 3. For the purposes of subheadings 2707 10, 2707 20, 2707 30 and 2707 40, the terms ‘benzol (benzene)’, ‘toluol (toluene)’, ‘xylol (xylenes)’ and ‘naphthalene’ apply to products which contain more than 50 % by weight of benzene, toluene, xylenes or naphthalene, respectively. 4. For the purposes of subheading 2710 12, ‘light oils and preparations’ are those of which 90 % or more by volume (including losses) distil at 210 °C according to the ISO 3405 method (equivalent to the ASTM D 86 method). 5. For the purposes of the subheadings of heading 2710, the term ‘biodiesel’ means mono-alkyl esters of fatty acids of a kind used as a fuel, derived from animal, vegetable or microbial fats and oils whether or not used. Additional notes (97) 1. For the purposes of subheading 2707 99 80, the term ‘phenols’ applies to products which contain more than 50 % by weight of phenols.

MINERAL PRODUCTS

Note 2 1. The content of aromatic constituents is to be determined by the following methods: — products with a distillation end point not exceeding 315 °C: EN 15553 method; — products with a distillation end point exceeding 315 °C: see Annex A to the explanatory notes to this chapter.

Additional note 5 1. It is to be noted that, except as provided in additional note 5(n), the exemption applies to the whole of the products used in the specific process. Accordingly, where a petroleum product is subjected, for example, to alkylation or polymerisation, that part which is not effectively transformed (alkylated or polymerised) also benefits from the exemption. 2. In cases where preliminary treatment is necessary before a ‘specific process’ (see final paragraph of additional note 5), two conditions must be met in order to obtain the benefit of exemption: (a) the imported product must be effectively subjected to a ‘specific process’, for example, cracking; (b) the preliminary treatment must be necessary to the ‘specific process’. The following in particular are regarded as necessary preparatory treatments for products intended for undergoing a ‘specific process’: (a) degassing; (b) dehydration; (c) removal of certain light or heavy products which might interfere with processing; (d) removal or conversion of mercaptans (softening or sweetening), of other sulphur compounds or of other compounds which might prejudice processing; (e) neutralisation; (f) decantation; (g) desalination. Any products which may be obtained in the course of a preparatory treatment but which do not undergo a specific process are liable to the customs duties applicable to products ‘for other purposes’, according to the kind and value of the imported goods and on the basis of the net weight of the products so obtained.

Additional note 5(a) Vacuum distillation means distillation under a pressure not exceeding 400 mbar, measured at the head of the column.

Additional note 5(b) Redistillation by a very thorough fractionation process means distillation (other than topping) by a continuous or batch process employed in industrial installations using distillates of subheadings 2710 12 11 to 2710 19 48, 2711 11 00, 2711 12 91 to 2711 19 00, 2711 21 00 and 2711 29 00 (other than propane of a purity of 99 % or more) to obtain: 1. isolated high-purity hydrocarbons (90 % or more in the case of olefins, and 95 % or more in the case of other hydrocarbons), mixtures of isomers having the same organic composition being regarded as isolated hydrocarbons. Only those processes by means of which at least three different products are obtained are admissible, but this restriction does not apply in any instance where the process consists in the separation of isomers. In so far as this concerns xylenes, ethylbenzene is included with xylene isomers; 2. products of subheadings 2707 10 00 to 2707 30 00, 2707 50 00 and 2710 12 11 to 2710 19 48 : (a) with no overlapping of the final boiling point of one fraction and the initial boiling point of the succeeding fraction and a difference of not more than 60 °C between the temperatures at which 5 and 90 % by volume (including losses) distil by the EN ISO 3405 method (equivalent to the ASTM D 86 method); (b) with an overlapping of the final boiling point of one fraction and the initial boiling point of the succeeding fraction and a difference of not more than 30 °C between the temperatures at which 5 and 90 % by volume (including losses) distil by the EN ISO 3405 method (equivalent to the ASTM D 86 method).

Additional note 5(c) Cracking is an industrial process for modifying the chemical structure of petroleum products by breaking down the molecules by heating, with or without pressure and with or without the assistance of a catalyst, thus producing, in particular, mixtures of lighter hydrocarbons which may be liquid or gaseous at normal temperatures and pressures. The chief cracking processes are: 1. thermal cracking; 2. catalytic cracking; 3. steam cracking to obtain gaseous hydrocarbons; 4. hydrocracking (cracking plus hydrogenation); 5. dehydrogenation; 6. dealkylation; 7. coking; 8. visbreaking.

Additional note 5(d) Reforming is the thermal or catalytic processing of light or medium oils to increase their content of aromatics. Catalytic reforming is used, for example, to convert straight-distillation light oils into light oils with a higher octane number (with a higher content of aromatic hydrocarbons) or into a mixture of hydrocarbons containing benzene, toluene, xylenes, ethylbenzene, etc. The principal catalytic reforming processes are those employing platinum as the catalyst.

Additional note 5(e) Extraction by means of selective solvents is the process of separating groups of products with different molecular structures by means of substances having a preferential solvent effect (for example, furfural, phenol, dichlorethyl ether, sulphuric anhydride, nitrobenzene, urea and certain of its derivatives, acetone, propane, ethyl methyl ketone, isobutyl methyl ketone, glycol, N-methyl morpholine).

Additional note 5(g) Polymerisation is the industrial process, whether or not involving heating or the use of a catalyst, by means of which unsaturated hydrocarbons are made to form their polymers or copolymers.

Additional note 5(h) Alkylation means any thermal or catalytic reaction in which unsaturated hydrocarbons are united with any other hydrocarbons, in particular, isoparaffins and aromatics.

Additional note 5(ij) Isomerisation is the reforming of the structure of the constituents of petroleum products without altering their gross composition.

Additional note 5(l) The following are examples of dewaxing for the purposes of this additional note: 1. dewaxing by cooling (with or without solvents); 2. microbiological treatment; 3. dewaxing by means of urea; 4. molecular sieve treatment.

Additional note 5(n) Atmospheric distillation means distillation carried out at a pressure of about 1 013 mbar, measured at the head of the column.

Additional note 6 1. ‘Chemical transformation’ means any operation for the molecular modification of one or more constituents of a petroleum product undergoing processing. The mere mixing of a petroleum product with another product, whether or not also of petroleum, is not regarded as a ‘chemical transformation’. The incorporation of white spirit into paint, for example, or of a base oil into printing ink, is not to be regarded as falling within the definition of ‘chemical transformation’. This is also the case with all uses of petroleum products as solvents or fuels. 2. Examples of ‘chemical transformations’: (a) treatment with halogens or halogen compounds: (i) reaction with propylene present in a gaseous petroleum fraction, in order to obtain organic derivatives (for example, to obtain propylene oxide); (ii) treatment of petroleum fractions (motor spirit, kerosene, gas oil), paraffins, petroleum waxes or paraffinic residues with chlorine or chlorine compounds, in order to obtain chloroparaffins; (b) treatment with bases (for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium hydroxides), in order to obtain naphthenic acids; (c) treatment with sulphuric acid or its anhydride: (i) to obtain sulphonates; (ii) to extract or obtain isobutylene; (iii) for the sulphonation of gas oils and lubricating oils. Oil added after sulphonation is not eligible for exemption; (d) sulphochlorination; (e) hydration, particularly for obtaining alcohols by modification of unsaturated hydrocarbons present in gaseous petroleum fractions; (f) treatment with maleic anhydride, in particular, treatment of butadiene mixed with a gaseous petroleum fraction containing four carbon atoms, in order to obtain tetrahydrophthalic acid; (g) treatment with phenol, for example, reaction of petroleum olefins with phenols in the presence of a catalyst, in order to obtain alkylphenols; (h) oxidation: (i) oxidation of heavy oils to obtain bitumens of subheading 2713 20 00; (ii) oxidation of any petroleum product, in order to obtain more complex chemical products such as acids, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols; for example, oxidation of light fractions under heat and pressure, to obtain acetic, formic, propionic and succinic acids; (ij) dehydrogenation, for example, of: (i) naphthenic hydrocarbons, to obtain aromatic hydrocarbons (for example, benzole); (ii) paraffinic hydrocarbons, to obtain liquid olefins as used, for example, in the manufacture of biodegradable alkylbenzenes; (k) oxo synthesis; (l) irreversible incorporation of heavy oils into high polymers (for example, into latex of natural or synthetic rubber, butyl rubber, polystyrene); (m) manufacture of products of heading 2803; (n) nitration, to obtain nitrated derivatives; (o) biological treatment of certain petroleum fractions containing n-paraffins, to obtain proteins or other complex organic products.